Privacy Sandbox 專有名詞

Privacy Sandbox 的文章和說明文件假設讀者瞭解隱私權、廣告和網頁開發的概念。本詞彙表會說明與 Privacy Sandbox 相關的重要術語。

廣告競價 (Protected Audience API)

在 Protected Audience API 中,賣方 (可能是賣方平台或發布商本身) 會在使用者裝置瀏覽器中的 JavaScript 程式碼內執行廣告競價,藉此銷售廣告所在網站上的廣告空間。

廣告素材、素材

Ad creative refers to the contents of the ad served to users. Creatives can be images, videos, audio, and other formats. Creatives live within an ad space, and are served by ad tech within line items.

Ad Exchange

An ad exchange is a platform to automate buying and selling of ad inventory from multiple ad networks.

廣告空間

廣告空間是廣告空間銷售網站所提供的廣告空間或空間。

廣告平台 (廣告技術)

廣告平台是提供服務來放送廣告的公司。

廣告主

廣告客戶是付費宣傳自家產品的公司。

可匯總報表計算

位於兩個協調器中的分散式分錄帳,用於追蹤已分配的隱私權預算,並強制執行「不重複」規則。這是隱私權保護機制,位於協調器中並由其執行,可確保系統不會將超過分配的隱私預算的報表傳送至匯總服務。

進一步瞭解批次處理策略與可匯總報表的關係

可匯總報表計算預算

References to the budget that ensures individual reports are not processed more than once.

可匯總報表

Aggregatable reports are encrypted reports sent from individual user devices. These reports contain data about cross-site user behavior and conversions. Conversions (sometimes called attribution trigger events) and associated metrics are defined by the advertiser or ad tech. Each report is encrypted to prevent various parties from accessing the underlying data.

Learn more about aggregatable reports.

匯總服務

由廣告技術營運的服務,可處理可匯總報表並產生摘要報表。

如要進一步瞭解匯集服務的背景資訊,請參閱說明文章完整條款清單

API 呼叫端

An API caller is an entity, such as an app, a third-party SDK, or a website, that makes a request to the Topics API to access a user's interests.

確認聲明

驗證軟體身分的機制,通常會使用加密雜湊或簽章。對於匯總服務提案,認證會將廣告技術營運匯總服務中執行的程式碼與開放原始碼進行比對。

進一步瞭解認證

歸因

Attribution refers to the identification of user actions that contribute to an outcome.

For example, a correlation of ad clicks or views with conversions.

Blink is the rendering engine used by Chrome, developed as part of the Chromium project.

採購

A buyer is a party bidding for ad space in an ad auction, likely to be a DSP, or maybe the advertiser itself. Ad space buyers own and manage interest groups.

Publishers make ad inventory available through marketplaces called ad exchanges, and buyers compete in real time through a DSP for the opportunity to place their advertisement.

Learn about ad space buyers in the Protected Audience API.

Chromium 是開放原始碼網路瀏覽器專案。Chrome、Microsoft Edge、Opera 和其他瀏覽器 以 Chromium 為基礎。

點閱後轉換

「點閱後轉換」是指廣告點擊所促成的轉換,

點閱率 (CTR)

點閱率是指按下廣告並看見廣告的使用者比例。

另請參閱曝光

貢獻者綁定

可匯總報表可包含任意數量的計數器增量。舉例來說,報表可能會列出使用者在廣告主網站上查看的產品數量。與單一來源事件相關的所有可匯總報表中,增量值的總和不得超過特定限制,例如 L1=2^16 (65,536)。

進一步瞭解可匯總報表

轉換

轉換是指使用者採取了你指定的某些目標。

舉例來說,使用者點選廣告連到廣告客戶的網站,之後就可能會購買產品或訂閱電子報。

A cookie is a small piece of textual data that websites can store on a user's browser. Cookies can be used by a website to save information associated with a user (or a reference to data stored on the website's backend servers) as the user moves across the web.

For example, an online store can retain shopping cart details even if a user is not logged in, or the site could record the user's browsing activity on their site. See First-party cookie and Third-party cookie.

協調員

負責金鑰管理和可匯總報表計算的實體。協調器會維護經核准的匯總服務設定雜湊清單,並設定解密金鑰存取權。

粗略資料

粗略資料是指 Attribution Reporting API 事件層級報表提供的有限資訊。僅限於 3 份點擊轉換資料,以及 1 筆 次觀看。但不包含特定精細的轉換資料 (例如商品的特定價格和時間戳記)。

資料管理平台 (DMP)

A data management platform is software used to collect and manage data relevant for advertisers. These platforms help advertisers and publishers identify audience segments, which can then be used for campaign targeting.

Learn more about DMPs.

需求端平台 (DSP)

A demand-side platform is an ad tech service used to automate ad purchasing. DSPs are used by advertisers to buy ad impressions across a range of publisher sites.

差異化隱私

「差異化隱私」是指允許分享資料集相關資訊的技術,在不揭露使用者的私人資訊或是否屬於特定資料集的情況下,加以揭露行為模式。

網域

網域。請參閱頂層網域eTLD

「熵」是指一項資料項目揭露個人身分的程度。

資料熵是以位元測量。資料揭露越多,熵價值就越高。

資料可以結合以找出個人,但要確認新資料是否新增至熵內容,並不容易。舉例來說,如果你已知道人來自澳洲人,但知道對方是澳洲人,並不會因此減少熵。

訓練週期

In the Topics API, an epoch is the period of time during which the browser infers topics for a user based on their browsing activity. It is currently set to one week.

eTLD、eTLD+1

eTLD 是由 公開尾碼清單

例如:

co.uk 
github.io 
glitch.me

只要具備有效的頂層網域,foo.appspot.com 就能和其他網站 bar.appspot.com。本案例的 eTLD 為 appspot.com, 網站名稱 (foo.appspot.combar.appspot.com) 稱為 eTLD+1。

另請參閱頂層網域

事件層級報表

事件層級報表,將特定廣告點擊或瀏覽 (在廣告端) 與轉換端的資料建立關聯。為了藉由限制跨網站整合使用者身分來維護使用者隱私,轉換端資料非常有限,而且資料十分雜亂。

Federated Credential Management API (FedCM)

Federated Credential Management API is a proposal for a privacy-preserving approach to federated identity services. This will allow users to log into sites without sharing their personal information with the identity service or the site.

FedCM was previously known as WebID, and is still in development in the W3C.

聯合身分識別 (聯合登入)

Federated identity is a third-party platform to allow a user to sign in to a website, without requiring the site to implement their own identity service.

圍欄頁框

A (<fencedframe>) 是針對嵌入內容提出的 HTML 元素提案,類似於 iframe。與 iframe 不同的是,圍欄頁框會限制與嵌入結構定義的通訊,允許影格存取跨網站資料,而不會與嵌入環境共用。

部分 Privacy Sandbox API 可能需要特定文件才能在圍欄頁框中顯示。進一步瞭解 Fenced Frames 提案

數位指紋採集

數位指紋採集技術包含多種方法,可用於辨識及追蹤個別使用者的行為。

數位指紋採集會使用使用者不瞭解且無法控制的機制。

表面指紋採集

指紋途徑可以與其他途徑搭配使用,以識別特定使用者或裝置。

例如,navigator.userAgent() JavaScript 方法和 User-Agent HTTP 要求標頭會提供指紋途徑 (User-Agent 字串) 的存取權。

第一方

第一方是指您造訪的網站資源。

舉例來說,您正在閱讀的網頁位於 developer.chrome.com 網站上,並包含該網站要求的資源。這些第一方資源的要求稱為「第一方要求」。來自您造訪網站時儲存的 developer.chrome.com Cookie 稱為第一方 Cookie

另請參閱第三方

第一方 Cookie 是指使用者在網站上儲存時,網站儲存的 Cookie。

舉例來說,網路商店可能會要求瀏覽器儲存 Cookie,藉此保留未登入使用者的購物車詳細資料。另請參閱第三方 Cookie

I2E

Intent to Experiment (I2E) is the announcement of a plan to make a new Blink feature available to users for testing, typically through an origin trial.

I2EE

Intent to Extend Experiment (I2EE) is an announcement of a plan to extend the duration of an origin trial.

I2P

製作原型 (I2P) 的意圖是 Blink 開發新功能的第一步。公告會張貼在 blink-dev 郵寄清單中,並附上討論提案的連結。

I2S

Intent to Ship (I2S) 宣布了一項計劃,那就是向使用 Chrome 穩定版的使用者提供 Blink 的新功能。

曝光

Impression could refer to either:

  • View of an ad. See also click-through rate.
  • An ad slot: the HTML markup (usually <div> tags) on a web page where an ad can be displayed. Ad slots constitute inventory.

按照興趣顯示廣告 (IBA)

「按照興趣顯示的廣告」(IBA) 是一種個人化廣告,即系統透過使用者活動 (例如最近造訪的網站或在 Android 上使用的應用程式) 推斷其興趣,再據此向使用者放送相關廣告。這點與「內容相關廣告」不同。在「內容相關廣告」模式下,系統會根據使用者正在觀看的內容,比對適合的廣告。

興趣群組

In the Protected Audience API, formerly FLEDGE, an interest group represents a group of people with a common interest, corresponding to a remarketing list.

Every interest group has an owner. Different types of owners will create different types of interest groups with different use cases.

庫存

廣告空間是指網站上可用的廣告版位。廣告版位是可用於顯示廣告的 HTML 標記 (通常是 <div> 標記),

k-anonymity

K-anonymity is the measure of anonymity within a data set. If you have k anonymity, you can't be distinguished from k-1 other individuals in the data set. In other words, k individuals have the same information (including you).

雜訊和縮放

匯總過程中加入至摘要報表的統計雜訊,可保護隱私權,並確保最終報表提供匿名評估資訊。

進一步瞭解加法雜訊機制,這是從 Laplace 分配繪製而來。

Nonce

Nonce 是加密通訊中只使用一次的任意數字。

來源

來源是由存取網址的配置 (通訊協定)、主機名稱 (網域) 和通訊埠所定義。

例如:https://developer.chrome.com

來源試用

Origin trials are trials that provide access to a new or experimental feature, to make it possible to build functions that users can try out for a limited time before the feature is made available to everyone.

When Chrome offers an origin trial for a feature, an origin can be registered for the trial to allow the feature for all users on that origin, without requiring users to toggle flags or switch to an alternative build of Chrome (though they may need to upgrade). Origin trials allow developers to build demos and prototypes using new features. The trials help Chrome engineers understand how new features are used, and how they may interact with other web technologies.

Find out more: Getting started with Chrome's origin trials.

被動表面

Passive surfaces are fingerprinting surfaces—such as User-Agent strings, IP addresses, and Accept-Language headers—that are available to every website, whether the site asks for them or not.

Passive surfaces can easily consume a site's privacy budget.

The Privacy Sandbox initiative proposes replacing passive surfaces with active ways to get specific information, for example using Client Hints a single time to get the user's language rather than having an Accept-Language header for every response to every server.

Protected Audience API

The Protected Audience API is the new name for the FLEDGE API.

發布商

在 Privacy Sandbox 的結構定義中,發布商是一種付費放送廣告的網站。

觸及率

觸及率是指看到廣告或造訪顯示廣告網頁的使用者總數。

即時出價 (RTB)

Real-time bidding refers to an automated auction for buying and selling ad impressions on websites, completed during page load.

再行銷

再行銷是指對曾經在其他網站上瀏覽過您網站的使用者放送廣告。

舉例來說,網路商店可以向先前在網站上瀏覽過玩具的使用者顯示玩具特賣廣告。

報表來源

The entity that receives aggregatable reports—in other words, you or an ad tech that called the Attribution Reporting API. Aggregatable reports are sent from user devices to a well-known URL associated with the reporting origin. The reporting origin is designated during enrollment.

縮放比例係數

Scaling factor, in the context of the Attribution Reporting API, refers an amount by which you choose to multiply an aggregatable value. Scaling impacts the effect of noise and your contribution budget.

賣方

賣方是進行廣告競價的一方,可能是賣方平台,也可能是發布商。

共用 ID

A computed value that consists of shared_info, reporting_origin, destination_site (for Attribution Reporting API only), source_registration-time (for Attribution Reporting API only), scheduled_report_time, and version.

Multiple reports that share the same attributes in the shared_info field should have the same shared ID. Shared IDs play an important role within Aggregatable Report Accounting.

Read more about Trusted Servers.

網站

A site is equivalent to an eTLD+1 along with a scheme (protocol).

See also Top-Level Domain.

儲存空間分區

儲存空間分區是 Chrome 的一種機制,目的是防止特定類型的旁路跨網站追蹤,而 Chrome 在第三方環境中將儲存與通訊 API 分區。

儲存空間分區可防止網站彙整不同網站的資料,以追蹤使用者在網路上的活動。

摘要報表

Attribution Reporting API 和 Private Aggregation API 報表類型。摘要報表包含匯總的使用者資料,並可納入加入雜訊的詳細轉換資料。摘要報表是由匯總報表組成。相較於事件層級報表,這類報表提供更大的彈性,並提供更豐富的資料模型,特別適用於轉換價值等某些用途。

供應端平台、賣方平台

供應端平台是一種廣告技術服務,可自動銷售廣告空間。賣方平台可讓發布商將廣告空間 (要放送廣告的空白矩形) 提供給多個廣告交易平台、DSP 和聯播網。這樣可以吸引許多潛在買方對廣告空間出價。

Surface

Surface. See Fingerprinting surface and Passive surface.

第三方是指透過與您所造訪的網站不同的網域提供的資源。

舉例來說,網站 foo.com 可能會使用 google-analytics.com 的分析程式碼 (透過 JavaScript)、use.typekit.net 的字型 (透過連結元素) 和 vimeo.com 的影片 (在 iframe 中)。另請參閱第一方一文。

第三方 Cookie 是由第三方服務儲存的 Cookie。

舉例來說,影片網站的內嵌播放器可能包含「稍後觀看」按鈕,讓使用者可將影片加入願望清單,而不必前往影片網站。

另請參閱第一方 Cookie

頂層網域 (TLD)

Top-level domains such as .com and .org are listed in the Root Zone Database.

See also eTLD, site.

主題

「主題」是人類可讀的使用者興趣主題,並屬於 Topics 分類

主題分類

Topics 分類是公開的人工收錄、人類可讀類別階層,Topics API 會使用這類別來代表使用者的興趣。

受信任的執行環境 (TEE)

電腦硬體和軟體的安全設定,可讓外部各方驗證機器上執行的確切軟體版本,不必擔心資訊外洩。在 TEE 中,外部各方可驗證軟體是否完全依軟體製造商聲明的方式運作。

如要進一步瞭解 Privacy Sandbox 提案中使用的 TEE,請參閱「Protected Audience API 服務說明」和「匯總服務說明」。

使用者代理程式用戶端提示 (UA-CH)

User-agent client hints provide specific pieces of the User-Agent string on explicit request. This helps reduce passive surfaces in the User-Agent string which may lead to user identification or covert tracking.

UA-CH is sometimes referred to as "Client Hints."

User-Agent 字串

A user-agent string is an HTTP header used by servers and network peers to request identifying information about an application, operating system, vendor, or version of a user agent. The User-Agent string broadcasts a large string of data, which is problematic for user privacy. User-Agent reduction is proposed to remove sensitive information and reduce passive fingerprinting.

.well-known

.well-known 檔案可用於從標準化網址新增網站的重新導向。

舉例來說,當網站設定從 /.well-known/change-password 重新導向至網站變更密碼的頁面時,密碼管理工具可以讓使用者更輕鬆地更新密碼。

此外,在提出要求「之前」存取主機的政策或其他資訊會很實用。舉例來說,robots.txt 會指示網路檢索器要造訪哪些網頁,以及要略過哪些網頁。IETF RFC8615 概述瞭如何讓 /.well-known/ 子目錄中的標準位置存取全網站中繼資料。

如要查看 .well-known 的建議清單,請前往 iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml

Worklet

A worklet allows you to run specific JavaScript functions and return information back to the requester. Within a worklet, you can execute JavaScript but you cannot interact or communicate with the outside page.

Worklets are used to store and extract data with the Shared Storage API.