Privacy Sandbox 文章和文档假定读者了解隐私保护、广告和 Web 开发方面的概念。本术语表介绍了与 Privacy Sandbox 相关的关键术语。
广告竞价 (Protected Audience API)
在 Protected Audience API 中，广告竞价由卖方（可能是 SSP，也可能是发布商本身）通过用户设备上的浏览器 JavaScript 代码开展，以销售展示广告网站上的广告空间。
广告素材
广告素材是指向用户投放的广告内容。广告素材可以是图片、视频、音频和其他格式广告素材位于广告空间内，并由广告技术平台在订单项内投放。
Ad Exchange
广告交易平台是一种用于自动买卖来自多个广告联盟的广告资源的平台。
广告资源、广告空间
广告资源空间是指销售广告空间的网站提供的广告空间。
广告平台（广告技术平台）
广告平台是指提供广告投放服务的公司。
广告客户
广告客户是指付费宣传其产品的公司。
可汇总报告的会计核算
分布式账本，位于两个协调者中，用于跟踪分配的隐私预算并强制执行“无重复”规则。这是位于协调器中并在其中运行的隐私保护机制，可确保没有任何报告在通过汇总服务时超出分配的隐私预算。
可汇总报告的会计核算预算
References to the budget that ensures individual reports are not processed more than once.
可汇总的报告
Aggregatable reports are encrypted reports sent from individual user devices. These reports contain data about cross-site user behavior and conversions. Conversions (sometimes called attribution trigger events) and associated metrics are defined by the advertiser or ad tech. Each report is encrypted to prevent various parties from accessing the underlying data.
Learn more about aggregatable reports.
汇总服务
由广告技术平台运营的服务，用于处理可汇总报告以创建摘要报告。
如需详细了解汇总服务的背景信息，请参阅我们的说明文档和完整条款列表。
API 调用方
An API caller is an entity, such as an app, a third-party SDK, or a website, that makes a request to the Topics API to access a user's interests.
证明
一种用于对软件身份进行身份验证的机制，通常使用加密哈希或签名。对于汇总服务提案，认证会将广告技术平台运营的汇总服务中运行的代码与开源代码进行匹配。
归因
归因是指识别有助于带来结果的用户操作。
例如，广告点击次数或观看次数与转化次数之间的关联。
Blink
Blink 是 Chrome 使用的渲染引擎，作为 Chromium 项目的一部分开发。
采购员
A buyer is a party bidding for ad space in an ad auction, likely to be a DSP, or maybe the advertiser itself. Ad space buyers own and manage interest groups.
Publishers make ad inventory available through marketplaces called ad exchanges, and buyers compete in real time through a DSP for the opportunity to place their advertisement.
Learn about ad space buyers in the Protected Audience API.
Chromium
Chromium is an open-source web browser project. Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Opera and other browsers are based on Chromium.
点击型转化 (CTC)
A click-through conversion is a conversion attributed to an ad that was clicked.
点击率 (CTR)
点击率是点击广告后看到了广告的用户的比率。
贡献绑定
Aggregatable reports may contain an arbitrary number of counter increments. For
example, a report may contain a count of products that a user has viewed on an
advertiser's site. The sum of increments in all aggregatable reports related to
a single source event must not exceed a given limit, such as L1=2^16 (65,536).
Learn more in the aggregatable reports explainer.
转化
A conversion is the completion of some desired goal following action by a user.
For example, a conversion may occur with the purchase of a product or sign-up for a newsletter after clicking an ad that links to the advertiser's site.
Cookie
A cookie is a small piece of textual data that websites can store on a user's browser. Cookies can be used by a website to save information associated with a user (or a reference to data stored on the website's backend servers) as the user moves across the web.
For example, an online store can retain shopping cart details even if a user is not logged in, or the site could record the user's browsing activity on their site. See First-party cookie and Third-party cookie.
协调者
负责密钥管理和汇总报告会计核算的实体。协调者会维护已获批准的汇总服务配置的哈希列表，并配置对解密密钥的访问权限。
粗糙数据
Coarse data refers to limited information provided by Attribution Reporting API event-level reports. This is limited to 3 pieces of conversion data for clicks and 1 piece for views. Specific, granular conversion data (such as specific prices of items and timestamps) are not included.
数据管理平台 (DMP)
A data management platform is software used to collect and manage data relevant for advertisers. These platforms help advertisers and publishers identify audience segments, which can then be used for campaign targeting.
Learn more about DMPs.
需求方平台 (DSP)
A demand-side platform is an ad tech service used to automate ad purchasing. DSPs are used by advertisers to buy ad impressions across a range of publisher sites.
差分隐私
差分隐私是指通过共享有关数据集的信息来揭示行为模式，而不泄露个体的私密信息或个体是否属于该数据集的技术。
网域
熵
隐私领域的熵衡量了一个数据项揭示了个体身份。
数据熵以位为单位进行衡量。能够揭示身份认同数据越多，其熵值就越高。
可以通过组合数据来识别个人，但可能很难弄清楚新数据是否增加了熵。例如，如果您已经知道某个人来自堪格鲁岛，则知道此人来自澳大利亚并不能降低熵。
周期
在 Topics API 中，“周期”是指浏览器根据用户的浏览活动为其推断主题的时间段。当前设置为 1 周。
eTLD、eTLD+1
eTLDs are effective top-level domains (TLD), which are defined by the Public Suffix List.
For example:
co.uk
github.io
glitch.me
Effective TLDs are what allow foo.appspot.com to be a different site from
bar.appspot.com. The eTLD in this case is appspot.com, and the whole
site name (foo.appspot.com, bar.appspot.com) is known as the eTLD+1.
See also Top-Level Domain.
事件级报告
事件级报告：将（广告端）的特定广告点击或观看与转化端数据相关联。为了通过限制跨网站联接用户身份来保护用户隐私，转化端数据非常有限，并且数据非常嘈杂。
Federated Credential Management API (FedCM)
Federated Credential Management API is a proposal for a privacy-preserving approach to federated identity services. This will allow users to log into sites without sharing their personal information with the identity service or the site.
FedCM was previously known as WebID, and is still in development in the W3C.
联合身份（联合登录）
联合身份是一个第三方平台，可让用户登录网站，而无需网站实现自己的身份服务。
Fenced frame
A (<fencedframe>) is a proposed HTML element for embedded content, similar to
an iframe. Unlike
iframes, a fenced frame restricts communication with its embedding context to
allow the frame access to cross-site data without sharing it with the embedding
context.
Some Privacy Sandbox APIs may require select documents to render within a fenced frame. Learn more about the Fenced Frames proposal.
数字“指纹”收集
数字“指纹”收集涵盖用于识别和跟踪各个用户行为的技术。
数字“指纹”收集使用的是用户不知道且无法控制的机制。
数字“指纹”收集界面
数字“指纹”收集表面可以（可能与其他表面结合使用）来识别特定用户或设备。
例如，navigator.userAgent() JavaScript 方法和 User-Agent HTTP 请求标头提供对数字“指纹”收集表面（用户代理字符串）的访问权限。
第一方
First party refers to resources from the site you're visiting.
For example, the page you're reading is on the site developer.chrome.com and
includes resources requested from this site. Requests for those first-party
resources are called 'first-party requests'. Cookies from
developer.chrome.com stored while you're on this site are called
first-party cookies.
See also Third-party.
第一方 Cookie
第一方 Cookie 是指当用户访问网站时网站存储的 Cookie。
例如，网店可能会要求浏览器存储一个 Cookie，以便为未登录的用户保留购物车详细信息。另请参阅第三方 Cookie。
I2E
Intent to Experiment (I2E) is the announcement of a plan to make a new Blink feature available to users for testing, typically through an origin trial.
I2EE
扩展实验 (I2EE) 的意图是关于延长源试用时长的计划公告。
I2P
意向原型设计 (I2P) 是 Blink 中开发新功能的第一个阶段。此公告将发布到 blink-dev 邮寄名单中，其中包含指向可供讨论的提案的链接。
I2S
intent to Ship (I2S) 是一项计划公告，旨在说明我们计划在稳定版 Chrome 中向用户提供 Blink 的新功能。
展示
展示可能是指：
针对用户兴趣投放广告 (IBA)
针对用户兴趣投放广告 (IBA) 是一种个性化广告形式，即系统会根据用户兴趣（从用户的活动推断出）选择为他们投放的广告，这些活动包括用户最近访问过的网站或在 Android 设备上使用过的应用。这与内容相关广告不同，后者旨在将广告与用户正在查看的内容相匹配。
兴趣群体
在 Protected Audience API（以前称为 FLEDGE）中，兴趣群体代表一组具有共同兴趣的用户，与一个再营销名单相对应。
每个兴趣组都有一个所有者。不同类型的所有者会根据不同的用例创建不同类型的兴趣群体。
广告资源
广告资源是网站上可用的广告位。广告位是可用来展示广告的 HTML 标记（通常是 <div> 标记）。
k-匿名性
K-anonymity is the measure of anonymity within a data set. If you have k anonymity, you can't be distinguished from k-1 other individuals in the data set. In other words, k individuals have the same information (including you).
噪声和缩放
Statistical noise that is added to summary reports during the aggregation process to preserve privacy and ensure the final reports provide anonymized measurement information.
Read more about additive noise mechanism, which is drawn from Laplace distribution.
Nonce
A nonce is an arbitrary number used only once in cryptographic communication.
来源
An origin is defined by the scheme (protocol), hostname (domain), and port of the URL used to access it.
For example: https://developer.chrome.com
来源试用
Origin trials are trials that provide access to a new or experimental feature, to make it possible to build functions that users can try out for a limited time before the feature is made available to everyone.
When Chrome offers an origin trial for a feature, an origin can be registered for the trial to allow the feature for all users on that origin, without requiring users to toggle flags or switch to an alternative build of Chrome (though they may need to upgrade). Origin trials allow developers to build demos and prototypes using new features. The trials help Chrome engineers understand how new features are used, and how they may interact with other web technologies.
Find out more: Getting started with Chrome's origin trials.
被动表面
Passive surfaces are fingerprinting surfaces—such as User-Agent strings, IP addresses, and Accept-Language headers—that are available to every website, whether the site asks for them or not.
Passive surfaces can easily consume a site's privacy budget.
The Privacy Sandbox initiative proposes replacing passive surfaces with active ways to get specific information, for example using Client Hints a single time to get the user's language rather than having an Accept-Language header for every response to every server.
Protected Audience API
The Protected Audience API is the new name for the FLEDGE API.
发布商
在 Privacy Sandbox 环境中，发布商是一个设有广告空间的网站，可通过付费来展示广告。
覆盖面
覆盖面是指看到广告或访问了展示广告的网页的用户总数。
实时出价 (RTB)
Real-time bidding refers to an automated auction for buying and selling ad impressions on websites, completed during page load.
再营销
再营销是向曾经在其他网站上访问过您网站的用户投放广告的做法。
例如，网店可以向以前在您的网站上查看过玩具的用户展示玩具促销广告。
报告来源
The entity that receives aggregatable reports—in other words, you or an ad tech that called the Attribution Reporting API. Aggregatable reports are sent from user devices to a well-known URL associated with the reporting origin. The reporting origin is designated during enrollment.
缩放比例
Scaling factor, in the context of the Attribution Reporting API, refers an amount by which you choose to multiply an aggregatable value. Scaling impacts the effect of noise and your contribution budget.
卖家
卖方是进行广告竞价的一方，可能是 SSP，也可能是发布商本身。
共享 ID
计算值，由 shared_info、reporting_origin、destination_site（仅限 Attribution Reporting API）、source_registration-time（仅限 Attribution Reporting API）、scheduled_report_time 和版本组成。
如果多个报告在 shared_info 字段中具有相同的属性，则应具有相同的共享 ID。共享 ID 在可汇总报告的会计核算中发挥着重要作用。
网站
网站相当于一个 eTLD+1，并包含一个协议。
另请参阅顶级域名。
存储分区
Storage partitioning is a mechanism in Chrome to prevent certain types of side-channel cross-site tracking, Chrome is partitioning storage and communications APIs in third-party contexts.
Storage partitioning prevents a site from joining data across different sites to track the user across the web.
摘要报告
An Attribution Reporting API and Private Aggregation API report type. A summary report includes aggregated user data, and can contain detailed conversion data with noise added. Summary reports are made up of aggregate reports. They allow for greater flexibility and provide a richer data model than event-level reporting, particularly for some use-cases like conversion values.
供应方平台、卖方平台
A supply-side platform is an ad tech service used to automate selling ad inventory. SSPs allow publishers to offer their inventory (empty rectangles where ads will go) to multiple ad exchanges, DSPs, and networks. This enables a wide range of potential buyers to bid for ad space.
Surface
Surface. See Fingerprinting surface and Passive surface.
第三方
第三方是指由与您正在访问的网站不同的网域提供的资源。
例如，网站 foo.com 可能会使用来自 google-analytics.com 的分析代码（通过 JavaScript）、来自 use.typekit.net 的字体（通过链接元素）以及来自 vimeo.com 的视频（在 iframe 中）。另请参阅第一方。
第三方 Cookie
A third-party cookie is a cookie stored by a third-party service.
For example, a video website might include a Watch Later button in their embedded player to allow a user to add a video to their wishlist without forcing them to navigate to the video site.
See also First-party cookie.
顶级域名 (TLD)
Top-level domains such as .com and .org are listed in the Root Zone Database.
主题
A topic is a human-readable topic of interest of a user and is part of the Topics taxonomy.
主题分类法
The Topics taxonomy is a public, human-curated, human-readable hierarchy of categories that the Topics API uses to represent users' interests.
可信执行环境 (TEE)
计算机硬件和软件的安全配置，可让外部方验证机器上运行的软件的确切版本，而无需担心信息泄露。通过 TEE，外部方可以确认软件的行为和功能与其制造商声称的完全一致，不多不少。
如需详细了解用于 Privacy Sandbox 方案的 TEE，请参阅 Protected Audience API 服务说明文档和汇总服务说明文档。
用户代理客户端提示 (UA-CH)
用户代理客户端提示会在显式请求中提供具体的用户代理字符串片段。这有助于减少用户代理字符串中的被动界面（可能会导致识别或隐蔽跟踪）。
UA-CH 有时称为“客户端提示”。
用户代理字符串
用户代理字符串是 HTTP 标头，服务器和网络对等方可使用它请求有关应用、操作系统、供应商或用户代理版本的标识信息。用户代理字符串会广播一大串数据，这会给用户隐私带来问题。我们提议通过减少用户代理来移除敏感信息并减少被动数字“指纹”收集。
.well-known
.well-known 文件用于添加从标准化网址到网站的重定向。
例如，如果网站设置了从 /.well-known/change-password 到网站更改密码页面的重定向，则密码管理工具可以让用户更轻松地更新密码。
此外，在发出请求之前访问主机的政策或其他信息也很有用。例如，robots.txt 会告知网页抓取工具要访问哪些网页以及要忽略哪些网页。IETF RFC8615 概述了一种标准化方法，以使网站级元数据可在 /.well-known/ 子目录中的标准位置访问。
如需查看针对 .well-known 的建议列表，请访问 iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml。
worklet
借助 worklet，您可以运行特定的 JavaScript 函数并将信息返回给请求者。在 Worklet 中，您可以执行 JavaScript，但无法与外部页面进行交互或通信。
Worklet 通过 Shared Storage API 存储和提取数据。